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Overall, the decrease in twin-to-singleton ORs might either be explained by a decrease in left-handedness in twins or an increase of left-handedness in singletons, or both. As already mentioned, complications occur more often in the course of multiple births [ 11 , 12 , 13 ], which might contribute to the development of atypical handedness [ 10 ]. However, most individual studies included in our meta-analysis did not provide information on pre- or perinatal conditions, so we could not test for a moderating effect of these conditions on the twin-to-singleton OR.

Along these lines, future research might have a closer look on the relation between birth complications and handedness. Assuming that higher proportions of left-handedness among twins might be the by-product of birth complications, a decrease in atypical handedness in twins must be assigned to a decrease in the occurrence of these complications. In fact, it is well conceivable that medical progress over the last decades, that is clearly detectable, e.

We therefore tested whether there is evidence for a decrease in left-handedness prevalence in twins Fig. However, while there was no evidence for an effect of publication year on left-handedness prevalence in twins, there seemed to be a trend towards an increase of left-handedness prevalence in singletons Fig.

The overall prevalence of atypical handedness in our study was lower than expected. We found 9. The low values in our study might be the result of a general effect of publication year in singletons, given that the prevalence of left-handedness has been shown to be higher in younger than in older cohorts [ 25 , 94 , 95 ]. The social stigma associated with left-handedness in the last century [ 96 ] may have driven left-handers to conceal their preference in self-reports [ 97 ] and to retrain to use their right hand [ 25 , 98 ].

Most of the studies included in our meta-analysis were published in the previous century and their participants could have been subjected to environmental pressures against left-handedness, leading to underestimation of the true population prevalence of left-handedness.

Similarly, we found low overall prevalence of mixed-handedness 3. This might also be due to an effect of publication year. Moreover, three of five studies that provided data for mixed-handedness classified handedness as writing hand so that data extracted from these studies most likely reflect not mixed-handedness, but ambidexterity, which is much rarer [ 99 ]. This result is consistent with the meta-analysis by Sicotte et al.

Indeed, it weakens the hypothesis suggesting that the monozygotic twinning process is responsible for atypical handedness [ 10 ]. All in all, revealing comparable prevalence of atypical handedness for MZ and DZ twins cannot enrichen knowledge about genetic contribution to handedness per se. As already recognized by Sicotte et al. Stronger phenotypic variation among DZ compared to MZ pairs indicates a certain genetic foundation of that phenotype [ 2 , 26 ].

Therefore, our results confirm handedness to rely on genetic factors to some extent [ 10 ] and are consistent with heritability estimates of 0. A moderator analysis suggested that the frequencies of handedness concordance did not differ between studies included in the meta-analysis by Sicotte et al.

To allow future meta-analyses to perform comparisons on handedness prevalence in twins more specifically e. As this might be beyond the scope of individual papers, we encourage authors to provide open raw data in publicly accessible repositories such as the osf. The present study is not without limitations. We did not investigate relative hand skill but were restricted to hand preference. Measuring hand preference is far more established as compared to assessing relative hand skill, as it is easier and more convenient [ ].

Most of the studies included in our meta-analysis only provided information on hand preference, not allowing for an additional analysis for hand skill. Similarly, our study only dealt with handedness direction in terms of categorial handedness classification which does not take into account the fact that individual handedness can further be defined regarding its strength or its degree.

Along these lines, other approaches consider handedness as a continuum, extending the question to how strong or how consistently one hand is preferred, used, or skilled over the other. Indeed, several findings obtained within laterality research on associations between handedness and structural brain lateralization [ ] or cognitive performance [ , ] as well as concerning the genetic foundation of handedness [ , ] are linked to strength but not direction of handedness.

However, since most studies included in the present meta-analyses did not assess handedness in a continuous manner, we were unable to account for handedness strength. Therefore, it falls to future studies to extend their assessment repertoire by measures of handedness strength.

From a methodological point of view, it is further crucial to mention that overall, our moderator analyses are low in power due to the investigated study sample sizes. Of note, in some cases, moderator levels included only three data points calling for an interpretation of these findings with caution. To summarize, our analyses provide evidence for increased frequencies of left- and non-right-handedness among twins compared to singletons but do not support the notion of elevated prevalence of atypical handedness among MZ compared to DZ twins.

Therefore, our findings are in line with the interpretation that twin or multiple births may be accompanied by certain environmental conditions that disturb the establishment of right-handedness.

Moreover, our analysis showed that the prevalence of atypical handedness seems to be steadily equalizing for twins and singletons over time. Indeed, the last decades may have advanced medical progress so that the occurrence of risks associated twin births that mediate the shift towards non-right-handedness is aligned with the occurrence of these risks within single births. However, separate analysis in twins and singletons suggests that this effect is rather the product of an increase of left-handedness prevalence in singletons rather than a decrease of left-handedness prevalence in twins.

As we further showed MZ twins to be more frequently handedness concordant than DZ twins, we can confirm a partially genetic foundation of phenotypic handedness which, however, does not seem to account for the vast majority of this trait.

We generally acknowledge phenotypic handedness to arise from a complex interaction of genetic and environmental influences that can only be understood by means of multi-level approaches. Specifying how handedness evolves should finally serve to comprehend the population level predominance of right-handedness as well as the overrepresentation of atypical handedness in samples like twins.

Analyses were conducted as planed in the preregistration and there were no deviations from the preregistered research protocol. Brain lateralization: a comparative perspective. Physiol Rev. Article PubMed Google Scholar. Ooki S. An overview of human handedness in twins. Front Psychol. Human handedness: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull. Sex differences in left-handedness: a meta-analysis of studies.

Handedness as a function of twinning. Age and Sex Cortex. Handedness, with special reference to twins. Infant resuscitation is associated with an increased risk of left-handedness. Am J Epidemiol. Left-handedness in twin families: support of an environmental hypothesis. Percept Mot Skills. Hand preference in a normal population. Handedness in twins: a meta-analysis.

Baldwin VJ. Pathology of multiple pregnancy. Book Google Scholar. Elster N. Less is more: the risks of multiple births. Fertil Steril. Jones HW. Twins or more. Handedness and birth stress. Birth complications and the distribution of handedness. Leiber L, Axelrod S. Not all sinistrality is pathological. Hand preference of four-year-old children: its relationship to premature birth and neurodevelopmental outcome.

Dev Med Child Neurol. Coren S. Family patterns in handedness: evidence for indirect inheritance mediated by birth stress. Behav Genet. McManus IC. Psychol Med. Barnes F. Temperament, adaptability, and left-handers. New Scientist. Google Scholar.

Handedness in children with birthweights below g. The Lancet. Article Google Scholar. Birth stress, autoimmune diseases, and handedness. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. Non-right handedness among ELBW and term children at eight years in relation to cognitive function and school performance. Triplets, birthweight, and handedness. A large-scale population study of early life factors influencing left-handedness.

Sci Rep. Methodology for genetic studies of twins and families Vol. Galton F. The history of twins, as a criterion of the relative powers of nature and nurture. Les jumeaux: Le couple et la personne. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France; Handedness in twins: a critical review. The genetics of handedness, cerebral dominance and lateralization. Handbook of neuropsychology. Amsterdam; Handedness in twins: joint analysis of data from 35 samples. Twin Res Hum Genet.

Genetic influences on handedness: data from 25, Australian and Dutch twin families. Linkage analysis in a Dutch population isolate shows no major gene for left-handedness or atypical language lateralization. J Neurosci.

Genome-wide association study identifies 48 common genetic variants associated with handedness. Nat Hum Behav. Prevalence and heritability of handedness in a Hong Kong Chinese twin and singleton sample.

BMC Psychol. Special twin environments, genetic influences and their effects on the handedness of twins and their siblings. Is psychology suffering from a replication crisis? Am Psychol. Elevated levels of atypical handedness in autism: meta-analyses.

Neuropsychol Rev. Handedness prevalence in the deaf: meta-analyses. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. Intelligence and handedness: meta-analyses of studies on intellectually disabled, typically developing, and gifted individuals. Changes over time in the relationship between hand preference and writing hand among left-handers. Brackenridge CJ. Secular variation in handedness over ninety years. Levy J. Psychobiological implications of bilateral asymmetry. In: Dimond S, Beaumont J, editors.

Hemisphere Function in the Human Brain. London: Elek Science; Oldfield RC. The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory. PLoS Med. Handedness in schizophrenia: a quantitative review of evidence. Acta Psychiatr Scand. Hirnstein M, Hugdahl K. Excess of non-right-handedness in schizophrenia: meta-analysis of gender effects and potential biases in handedness assessment.

Br J Psychiat. Handedness, language lateralisation and anatomical asymmetry in schizophrenia: meta-analysis. A volumetric magnetic resonance imaging study of monozygotic twins discordant for bipolar disorder. Psychiat Res Neuroimag. Genetic and environmental influences on lobar brain structures in twins with autism.

Cereb Cortex. Magnetic resonance relaxometry in monozygotic twins discordant and concordant for schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry. Genetic liability to schizophrenia measured by p in concordant and discordant monozygotic twins. Heritability of language laterality assessed by functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound: a twin study.

Wellcome Open Res. Resounding failure to replicate links between developmental language disorder and cerebral lateralisation. Bishop DVM. Handedness and specific language impairment: a study of 6-year-old twins. Dev Psychobiol. Differences in neural and cognitive response to emotional faces in middle-aged dizygotic twins at familial risk of depression.

Rechts-links Abwandlung in Handigkeit and seelischer Artung. Zeitschrift fuer menschliche Vererbungs- und Konstitutionslehre. An international study of human handedness: the data. Monozygotic twins: Brought up apart and brought up together.

London: Oxford University Press; Zur Verteilung der handigkeit bei Vorschulkindern. Arztl Jugendkd. PubMed Google Scholar. Segal NL. Revisiting sources of left-handedness in multiple-birth individuals. Opposite-sex and same-sex twin studies of physiological, cognitive and behavioral traits. Twins, birth weight, cognition, and handedness. Doctoral dissertation, University of Birmingham. Genetic contributions to human brain morphology and intelligence.

Bootsman F. Brain structure in bipolar disorder: A longitudinal neuroimaging study in twins: Doctoral dissertation, Utrecht University ; Origins of handedness: a nationwide study of 30, adults. The inheritance of neuropsychological dysfunction in twins discordant for schizophrenia. Am J Hum Genet. The relationship between performance and fMRI signal during working memory in patients with schizophrenia, unaffected co-twins, and control subjects. Schizophr Res. Spatial working memory function in twins with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

Biol Psychiatry. Efficiency of working memory encoding in twins discordant for schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. Reduced left hemispheric white matter volume in twins with bipolar I disorder.

Memory and verbal learning functions in twins with bipolar-I disorder, and the role of information-processing speed. Factors associated with paraspinal muscle asymmetry in size and composition in a general population sample of men. Phys Ther. Higher prevalence of left-handedness in twins?

Not after controlling birth time confounders. In search of perinatal correlates of left-handedness. Opposite effects of androgen receptor CAG repeat length on increased risk of left-handedness in males and females.

Genetics of microstructure of the corpus callosum in older adults. Prevalence and side preference for tooth grinding in twins. Aust Dent J. Handedness and mortality: a follow-up study of Danish twins born between and Epidemiology Cambridge, Mass.

As cited by Sicotte et al. Unpublished: As cited by Sicotte et al. Twins, heredity and environment. Twins and twin relations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; Viechtbauer W. Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package.

J Stat Soft. Comparison of patterns of handedness between twins and singletons in Japan. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. Duval S, Tweedie R. Trim and fill: a simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Manual performance and laterality in twins of known chorion type. The prevalence of complications and healthcare costs during pregnancy.

J Med Econ. Midwifery care, social and medical risk factors, and birth outcomes in the USA. J Epidemiol Community Health. Lee-Feldstein A, Harburg E.

Alcohol use among right-and left-handed persons in a small community. J Stud Alcohol. Hand preference and age in the United States.

Associations of handedness with hair color and learning disabilities. Genetics of handedness in relation to language disorder.

Nurture versus nature: long-term impact of forced right-handedness on structure of pericentral cortex and basal ganglia. Newman HH. Studies of human twins: II. Asymmetry reversal, of mirror imaging in identical twins. Biol Bull. A biometric investigation of twins and their brothers and sisters. Ann Eugen. A note on the problem of mirror-imaging in human twins.

Hum Biol. Twins with schizophrenia: genes or germs? Schizophr Bull. Prenatal development of monozygotic twins and concordance for schizophrenia. Left-handers and right-handers compared on performance and preference measures of lateral dominance. Br J Psychol. Todor JL, Doane T. Handedness classification: preference versus proficiency. Predicting hand preference with performance on motor tasks. Different laterality indexes are poorly correlated with one another but consistently show the tendency of males and females to be more left- and right-lateralized, respectively.

R Soc Open Sci. Right and left handedness defined: a multivariate approach using hand preference and hand performance measures. Neuropsychiat Neuropsychol Behav Neurol.

Neurostructural correlates of consistent and weak handedness. Half oaks, half willows: Degree, not direction, of handedness underlies both stable prevalence in the human population and speciesbeneficial variations in cognitive flexibility. Evol Psychol Sci. Degree of handedness, but not direction, is a systematic predictor of cognitive performance. PLoS Genet. On the distribution of nonrighthandedness among twins and their families.

Acta Genet Med Gemellol Roma. Left-handedness in twins: incidence and patterns of performance in an adolescent sample. Twinning is associated with an increased risk of left-handedness and inverted writing hand posture.

Early Hum Dev. Twin births and twins from a hereditary point of view. Stockholm: Tidens forlag; Handedness in twins according to zygosity and chorion type: a preliminary report.

A Hungarian twin study on hand clasping, arm folding and tongue curling. Acta Biol Hung. Handedness and differences in birthweight of twins. Heredity, environment and personality: a study of sets of twins. Austin: University of Texas Press; Handedness, language dominance and aphasia: a genetic model. Psychol Med Monogr Suppl.

Handedness in blood donors: no association with blood group or twinning. Handedness in a sample of volunteer twins. Twins: a study of heredity and environment.

Left-handedness in twins: genes or environment? Twins: black and white. Athens: Foundation for Human Understanding; An application of gene frequency analysis to the interpretation of data from twins. Uber Linkshandigkeit. Virchow’s archives. Laterality in twins: the relationship between handedness and hemispheric asymmetry for speech.

Die vererbungsbiologische Zwillingsforschung. In: Kraus F, editor. Ergebnisse der Inneren Medizin und Kinderheilkunde. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer Verlag; Left-handedness in twins. Genome-wide association study of handedness excludes simple genetic models. Heredity Edinb. Heritability of structural brain network topology: a DTI study of twins.

Hum Brain Mapp. Etiological aspect of left-handedness in adolescents. A stratified multistage cluster sampling design was used to obtain a random sample of institutions from countries and health institutions worldwide. Countries in the WHO regions were grouped according to adult and under-five infant mortality. From each of these sub regions, four countries were randomly selected, with probability proportional to population size. The study was implemented in 24 countries in Africa, Latin America and Asia.

In each country, the capital city was selected, along with two randomly selected provinces probability proportional to population size. From within these, a census of all facilities with more than 1, births per year and capacity to perform caesarean sections was obtained.

If there were more than seven facilities, seven were randomly selected probability of selection proportional to the number of births per year. If there were fewer than seven facilities, all were selected.

Participating facilities captured data on all deliveries occurring over a three month period. Individual-level data on women and their babies was abstracted by trained data collectors from the medical record; there was no contact between data collectors and patients. After collection, data were entered at the country, provincial or facility level in a web-based system MedSciNet AB, Stockholm, Sweden. The WHOGS individual dataset includes demographic characteristics, obstetric and medical history, mode of delivery and maternal and perinatal outcomes up to discharge from hospital, day 7 postpartum or death, whichever occurred first.

Morbidity and mortality occurring post-discharge, or during a subsequent readmission were not captured. Continuous variables maternal age, education, parity, gestational age and birthweight were converted to categorical variables for analysis. Chorionicity was not captured in the WHOGS, however we reported the prevalence of sex discordant twin pregnancies. We developed an a priori list of confounders based on variables available in the WHOGS and clinical and epidemiological evidence in the literature.

However, due to low numbers of cases, some were collapsed into a composite variable. The exposure variable of interest was presentation of the second twin, i. For this analysis, a specific database derived from the WHOGS database was created including twin pregnancies only as the unit of analysis. Twin pregnancies were included if a the first twin delivered vaginally in vertex presentation and b the gestational age was greater than or equal to 32 weeks.

These women were then categorized into groups 1 and 2, based on the presentation of the second twin at the time of delivery. We described the regional and country distribution of twin pregnancies and reported frequencies for maternal demographic characteristics, obstetric history, mode of delivery and neonatal characteristics by presentation of the second twin. All maternal and neonatal outcomes were reported similarly.

Models of maternal outcomes were adjusted for maternal-level confounders only, whereas perinatal models were adjusted for maternal- and perinatal-level confounders. All statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 20 [ 16 ]. The second twin was non-vertex in The two study groups were similar with respect to maternal age, marital status, maternal education, parity, history of caesarean section at last pregnancy, antenatal care and onset of labour Table 2.

Delivery by caesarean section was significantly more common in non-vertex than vertex presentations 6. Rates of infant gender, preterm delivery, low birthweight and birthweight discordance were similar between groups. The included twin pregnancies occurred in facilities, of which most were urban Perineal laceration was not significantly higher among vertex presentations 1. However, the odds of maternal ICU admission, blood transfusion, stillbirth, early neonatal mortality or admission to NICU were not increased significantly.

The absence of significantly increased odds of stillbirth or early neonatal mortality suggests that the presentation of the second twin is not as an important a prognostic feature as was previously thought. To evaluate maternal and perinatal outcomes following delivery of these twin gestations, we analysed data from primarily urban, relatively large centres through this international survey. While the compared groups were similar in terms of maternal and perinatal characteristics, the higher rate of caesarean section in non-vertex presentations is suggestive of a preponderance for combined deliveries in this scenario, although the rate of caesarean in the vertex-presenting second twins in our study 0.

There were too few cases of maternal deaths, hysterectomies and perineal lacerations for regression analysis. The odds of maternal admission to ICU and blood transfusion were not higher in non-vertex presentations, however it is worthy of note that these two outcomes are proxy indicators of severe maternal morbidity and risk associations may be diluted due to limited access or unaffordability of these services in resource-constrained settings.

In addition, the sampling frame for the WHOGS was primarily larger, urban facilities with caesarean section capacity. As higher risk or more complex pregnancies such as twin pregnancies are referred to these facilities, the rate of maternal morbidity in these facilities is likely higher than average, copared to the population or lower-order facilities. The stillbirth rate 7. Also, Minakami and Sato demonstrated that the risk of fetal death in twins is significantly higher at and beyond 38 weeks [ 23 ] and While the presence of moderate to severe growth discordance in twin gestations is associated with increased perinatal morbidity and mortality, [ 24 ] rates of birthweight discordance were not significantly different between groups and regression models were adjusted for this important confounder.

The Twin Birth Study has shown that planned vaginal birth is not associated with an increase in adverse outcome for twin deliveries, compared to planned CS [ 11 ]. In addition, that study also showed that the presentation of the second twin after delivery of the first twin did not influence the primary outcome a composite of perinatal mortality and morbidity. This analysis has several strengths.

It is based on a large, multi-country survey that captured a large number of twin pregnancies in 24 countries and is the largest study of this type from primarily low- and middle-income settings where perinatal mortality is often considerably higher and includes many African countries where twinning is more common than in other countries [ 13 ].

We had comprehensive information on maternal medical and obstetric history, allowing adjustment for multiple confounders. Most observational studies in this area have been conducted in higher-resource settings where rates of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity are lower, [ 25 ] making it more difficult to detect changes in outcomes. In addition, most twin studies have focused on perinatal morbidity and mortality without considering adverse maternal outcomes [ 17 , 25 , 26 ].

However, this analysis is not without its limitations. This study was not randomised and fetal presentation may have affected the selection of mode of delivery. As the WHOGS is a facility-based survey of primarily urban facilities, there are likely higher rates of morbidity and mortality referred to these facilities than in communities or lower-order facilities. Additionally, low- and middle-income countries participating in the WHOGS generally have higher rates of perinatal mortality, as well as significant at-risk sub-populations such as adolescent and poorly educated mothers compared to higher-income countries.

Thus, these findings can only be extrapolated to similar contexts. Furthermore, it is possible that a larger study of twin pregnancies may be able to demonstrate significance in those outcomes that were found to not be significant in our study.

While data collection procedures were standardised across facilities for the WHOGS, facilities and countries may differ in their protocols for management of twin pregnancies.

Adjusting the logistic regression models for facility and country as random effects can only partially mitigate this heterogeneity. Suboptimal medical documentation may have affected data quality as the WHOGS utilised retrospective medical record review for data collection. While the magnitude of this is difficult to estimate, the primary maternal and perinatal outcomes of the WHOGS were the same as this analysis and missing rates were generally low, except for history of previous caesarean section at last pregnancy Other relevant variables were not captured by the WHOGS, such as time between twin deliveries, length and difficulty of labour, labour augmentation practices, indications for ICU admission and newborn laboratory parameters.

While monochorionic twins are at increased risk for adverse perinatal outcome in comparison to dichorionic twin gestations, [ 27 ] chorionicity was not captured in the WHOGS and we were unable to compare outcomes between monochorionic and dichorionic twins. This analysis was designed to evaluate the association between fetal presentation of the second twin following vaginal delivery of the vertex first twin and short-term maternal and neonatal outcomes.

Importantly, mortality and NICU admission were not significantly higher with a non-vertex presentation. This is consistent with the findings of the large RCT, suggesting that the presentation of the second twin is not as an important consideration in planning twin vaginal birth as previously considered. Article Google Scholar. Obstet Gynecol Surv. Obstet Gynecol. Article PubMed Google Scholar. Am J Obstet Gynecol.

 

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Metrics details. In the general population, Previous research suggests higher prevalence of atypical left- mixed- or non-right- handedness in i twins compared to singletons, and in ii monozygotic compared twin of twins vol 9.5 download dizygotic twins. Moreover, iii studies have shown a higher rate of handedness concordance in monozygotic compared to dizygotic twins, in line with genetic factors playing a role for handedness.

By means of moderator analyses, we did not find evidence for effects twin of twins vol 9.5 download potentially confounding variables. We provide the largest and most comprehensive meta-analysis on handedness in twins. Although a raw, unadjusted analysis found a higher prevalence of left- and non-right- but not mixed-handedness among twins compared to singletons, left-handedness was substantially more prevalent in earlier than in more recent studies.

The single large, recent study which included birth weight, Apgar score and gestational age as covariates found no twin-singleton difference in handedness rate, but these covariates twin of twins vol 9.5 download not be included in softonic pc 4 battlefield download present meta-analysis. Together, the secular shift and the influence of covariates probably make it unsafe to conclude that twinning has a genuine relationship to handedness.

Peer Review reports. Handedness is a form of human motor lateralization which has been studied extensively [ 1 ] as it is commonly understood as a proxy for functional brain lateralization [ 2 ]. Handedness shows a robust population-level asymmetry, with the great majority of people being right-handed and only However, left-handedness prevalence seems to vary in different populations.

For example, it is well established that left-handedness occurs more often among males as compared to females [ 4 ]. Similarly, higher prevalence of atypical handedness has been reported in twins [ 56789 ]. This finding was confirmed by Sicotte et al.

Without investigating moderators, the authors hypothesized that this effect could be mediated by pre- or perinatal circumstances which are more prevalent in twins or other form of multiples as compared to singletons [ 111213 ].

For example, elevated proportions of left-handers were observed among singletons who experienced birth stress [ 141516 ] and among children who were twin of twins vol 9.5 download preterm [ 17 ], by Caesarian section [ 1819 ], or struggled with breathing during birth [ 20 ]. Another aspect frequently associated with a tendency towards non-right-handedness is lower birth weight [ 212223 ].

Sicotte et al. A higher handedness concordance among MZ twins as compared to DZ twins [ 282930 ] indicates a significant role of genetic factors in the ontogenesis of handedness. This was also confirmed by Sicotte et al. Handedness heritability was estimated to be 0. Similarly, Somers et al. This indicates that genetic factors account for up to one quarter of the variability of handedness.

Recently, several studies have been published on twin handedness. However, findings are not always in agreement, with different studies giving different estimates. For example, Zheng et al. Meta-analytic approaches can quantitively summarize the literature to provide an overall reliable estimate of handedness differences. Moreover, they can investigate possible small study bias in the literature and importantly allow for moderator analyses to investigate variables that could moderate the prevalence of handedness categories among twins [ 37 ].

Indeed, the vast field of handedness has recently seen an upsurge of meta-analyses that aim to summarize twin of twins vol 9.5 download literature and provide estimates of atypical handedness in various populations e. However, their meta-analysis was published more than 20 years ago, calling for an update as numerous new data sets have been published over the course of more than two decades. Twin of twins vol 9.5 download not all of these приведу ссылку might be eligible for meta-analysis, this number points towards a substantial increase in empirical studies over that period.

Including this more recent data in meta-analysis is important, not only because it might result in more twin of twins vol 9.5 download estimates but also because antiquated efforts of forcing left-handers to use their right hand have largely been terminated [ 32 twin of twins vol 9.5 download, 424344 ].

Moreover, the Sicotte et al. However, there is a certain proportion of people that cannot be classified in either of these categories. As emphasized by Papadatou-Pastou et al. When handedness is determined as self-report of writing hand, it is thus by definition only possible to account for ambidexterity, but not mixed-handedness. In contrast, self-report questionnaires like the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory [ 45 ] assess the preferred hand for several manual activities, which therefore captures ambidextrous as well as mixed-handed individuals in the mid-category.

Consequently, the meta-analysis by Papadatou-Pastou et al. The authors further found that the prevalence of this mid-category is 9. All in all, newly gathered insights may be capable of challenging the interpretations made by Sicotte et al. Thus, the major goal of the present meta-analysis is to update the state of the art concerning the questions of whether atypical handedness occurs more often twin of twins vol 9.5 download twins than in singletons.

Three sets of meta-analyses were conducted. Firstly, we compared the prevalence of atypical handedness in twins and singletons. Secondly, we examined whether atypical handedness occurs more often in MZ compared to DZ twins. Thirdly, we analyzed data on handedness in twins in a pairwise manner to test whether MZ and DZ twin pairs differ in their prevalence of handedness concordance. Beyond those three sets of meta-analyses, we performed various moderator analyses to elucidate whether additional factors such as inclusion in the Sicotte et al.

The study selection by means of a systematic review as well as the conduction of all meta-analyses in this study followed the official PRISMA guidelines [ 4647 ]. As it is the aim of the PRISMA guidelines to increase the traceability of reviews and meta-analyses, it includes a concrete item checklist which we applied for the selection and inclusion of studies in our meta-analyses Additional file 2.

Risk-of bias also called critical appraisal analysis was not deemed necessary for our included studies, because they were not assessing an intervention therefore elements like blinding participants twin of twins vol 9.5 download randomization were not relevant or an experimental manipulation therefore elements like blinding of the experimenters were not relevant. Moreover, http://replace.me/29422.txt only included published studies that may http://replace.me/21008.txt assumed to have sufficient quality as a result of peer-review processes.

However, we did check for various methodological qualities of our included studies, such as measurement of handedness, purpose of the study or way to determine zygosity in the context of several moderator analyses see below. The purpose of this study was to review and reanalyze the meta-analysis by Sicotte et al. Therefore, we opted to combine the data of studies included in the meta-analysis twin of twins vol 9.5 download Sicotte et al.

If studies were not accessible online, local databases were searched for the respective articles or corresponding authors were contacted via e-mail requests when possible. Data collection as well as extraction was conducted by LP and читать больше in September Details of this process are shown in Fig.

Data collection and extraction were evaluated by SO and discrepancies were resolved by discussion. Flow diagram depicting criteria from the PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews and meta-analyses as well as inclusion and exclusion criteria which were applied in the course of search and inclusion of studies for these meta-analyses. Additional file 1 : Table S1 contains a comprehensive list of all studies included in our meta-analyses.

Data: Studies needed to provide data on handedness in twins. For inclusion, studies either needed to allow a for a calculation of Odds Ratios ORs for a comparison of handedness between twins and singletons, b for a calculation of ORs for a comparison of handedness between MZ and DZ twins, or c for a calculation of ORs for a comparison of handedness concordance between MZ and DZ twins.

In cases where studies reported arithmetic data in a way that did not allow for the calculation of ORs used in the meta-analyses e. Studies were excluded if the authors did not provide that additional information. Language: Studies had to be written in English to be included in our meta-analyses. Exceptions were twin of twins vol 9.5 download for the studies published in German or French which were twin of twins vol 9.5 download in the analysis by Sicotte et al.

Concerning the German studies, twin of twins vol 9.5 download extracted the data ourselves, whereas for studies written in French we relied on the data extraction performed by Sicotte et al.

Handedness: As it was our goal to investigate the prevalence of atypical handedness in twins, we excluded studies in which handedness was defined as an inclusion or exclusion criterion e.

Participants: As atypical handedness patterns are associated with several psychiatric [ 484950 ] and neurodevelopmental [ 38 ] conditions, studies needed to provide data on handedness for healthy twins. In cases where mixed samples were examined [ 51525354555657 перейти на страницу, 58 ], we only extracted data on handedness for twin pairs concordantly healthy who served as control twins in these studies.

Therefore, the report of handedness data had to be precise enough to clearly distinguish between healthy control twins and affected twins in cases where twins were discordant for conditions, we opted to also exclude the healthy co-twin. Likewise, when studies compared the handedness of twins and other multiples with sib-pairs or singletons, handedness had to be reported separately for those groups. For studies which did not report the data precisely enough for the mentioned groups, we contacted the authors to ask for additional information.

Studies were excluded if the authors did not provide this information. In total, we included 59 studies including 32 studies already included in Sicotte et al. A comprehensive list of all included studies is presented in Additional files 12.

Studies included in the meta-analyses are marked with asterisks in the reference list. We aimed to include the studies analyzed by Sicotte et al. In detail, these authors included all studies containing at least ten twin pairs and providing data on two or more groups of individuals. As a result, we excluded one study [ 7 ] because it seemed to contain other forms of multiples apart from twins e.

Furthermore, we checked twelve studies which were explicitly reported to have been excluded in the meta-analysis by Sicotte twin of twins vol 9.5 download al.

We opted to include four of these because they fulfilled our inclusion criteria. In detail, Sicotte et al. In contrast, we were able to use these studies for at least one of our comparisons.

Moreover, Sicotte et twin of twins vol 9.5 download. As we were able to calculate the number, we could include both studies. Overall, we analyzed 32 studies included in the meta-analysis twin of twins vol 9.5 download Sicotte et al. New data were collected by means of literature search for all studies that reported handedness узнать больше twins regardless of whether it was the original purpose of the study to examine handedness or not and that had been published since inclusively.

Thereby, we tried to ensure including all studies not covered by Sicotte et al. By means of these search terms, we further extended the work by Sicotte et al. Reference lists of included papers as well as other reviews and meta-analyses were further used as source to identify further studies [ 231366364 ].

This is in line with the search by Sicotte et al. In cases where the same data were used by more than one study, the dataset was included in our analyses only once. Twin of twins vol 9.5 download checked overlapping studies separately for the three sets of meta-analyses we performed, as it was conceivable that the same dataset was depicted in different ways by different studies so that one publication might have allowed extraction of the data for our first set на этой странице meta-analyses while another publication on the same sample might have allowed extraction of the data for the second set of meta-analyses.

First, the twins included in Segal [ 65 ] and Gopalakrishman [ 66 ] seemed to overlap with the twins investigated by Sicotte et al.

For new studies overlapping twin of twins vol 9.5 download their investigated datasets, we opted to include the oldest study, with the exception when a more recent study included a larger dataset. Specifically, Hulshoff Pol et al. As Hulshoff Pol et al.

 
 

Twin of twins vol 9.5 download.Quotes About Twins

 
 

Twins are two offspring produced by the same pregnancy. In rare cases twins can have the same mother and different fathers heteropaternal superfecundation. In contrast, a fetus that develops alone in the womb the much more common case, in humans is called a singletonand the general term for one offspring of a multiple birth is a multiple.

North America and Europe have intermediate rates of 9 to 16 twin sets per 1, live births. Multiple pregnancies are cownload less likely to carry to full term than single births, with twin pregnancies lasting on average 37 weeks, three weeks less than full term.

There is no twin of twins vol 9.5 download genetic link for identical twinning. The vast majority of twins are either dizygotic fraternal or monozygotic identical. Less common variants are discussed further down the article. Among non-twin births, male singletons http://replace.me/1426.txt slightly about five percent more common than female singletons.

The rates for singletons vary slightly by country. For example, the sex ratio of birth in the US is 1. Zygosity is the degree of identity in the genome of twins. Dizygotic DZ or fraternal twins also referred to as “non-identical twins”, “dissimilar twins”, “biovular twins”, and, informally in the case of females, “sororal twins” usually occur when two fertilized hwin are implanted in the uterus wall at the same time.

When two eggs are independently fertilized by two different sperm cellsfraternal twins result. The two eggs, or ovaform two zygoteshence the terms dizygotic and biovular. Fraternal twins are, essentially, two ordinary siblings who happen to develop in the womb together and who are born at the same time, since they arise from two separate eggs fertilized by two separate spermjust like ordinary siblings.

This is the most common type of twin. Dizygotic twins, tsins any other siblings, will practically always have different sequences on each chromosome, due to chromosomal tsin during meiosis. Dizygotic twins down,oad only 50 percent of each twijs genes, which resemble amongst siblings that are conceived and born at different times. Like any other siblingsprimo download free ce twins may look similarparticularly as they are the same age.

However, dizygotic twins may also look very different from each other for example, be of opposite sexes. Studies show that there is twin of twins vol 9.5 download genetic proclivity for dizygotic twinning.

However, it is only the mother who has any effect on the chances ddownload having such twins; there is no known смотрите подробнее for a father to cause the release of twin of twins vol 9.5 download than one ovum.

Dizygotic twinning ranges from tdins per thousand births in Japan similar to the rate of monozygotic twins to 14 and more per thousand in some African countries. Dizygotic twins are also more common for older mothers, with twinning rates doubling in mothers over the age of Monozygotic MZ or источник twins occur when a single egg is fertilized to form one zygote hence, “monozygotic” which then tin into two separate embryos.

The chances of having identical twins is relatively rare — around 3 or 4 in every 1, births. Regarding spontaneous or natural monozygotic twinning, a recent theory proposes that monozygotic twins are downloda formed when a blastocyst contains two inner cell masses ICMeach of which will lead to a separate fetus, rather than by the embryo splitting while hatching from the zona pellucida the gelatinous protective coating around the blastocyst.

Monozygotic twins may also be created artificially by embryo splitting. It can ttwin used as an expansion of in teins fertilization IVF to increase the number of available embryos for embryo transfer. Monozygotic twinning dwnload in birthing at a rate of about 3 in every deliveries worldwide about 0. The likelihood of a single fertilization resulting in monozygotic twins is uniformly distributed in all populations tsins the world. IVF techniques are more likely twin of twins vol 9.5 download create dizygotic twins.

For IVF deliveries, there are nearly 21 pairs of twins for every 1, Monozygotic twins are genetically nearly identical and they are the same chromosomal sex unless there has been a mutation during development. The children of monozygotic twins test genetically as half-siblings or full siblings, if a pair of monozygotic twins reproduces with another pair or with the same personrather than first ttwin. Identical twins жмите сюда not have the same fingerprints however, because even within gwin confines of the womb, the fetuses touch по этому сообщению parts of their environment, 9.

rise to small variations in their corresponding prints and thus making them unique. Monozygotic twins always have the same genotype.

Normally узнать больше to an environmental factor or twin of twins vol 9.5 download deactivation of different X chromosomes in female monozygotic twins, and in some extremely rare cases, batman city pc free download installation to twin of twins vol 9.5 download tdin, twins may express different sexual phenotypesnormally from an XXY Klinefelter syndrome zygote splitting unevenly.

Monozygotic twins, although genetically very similar, are not genetically exactly the same. The DNA in white blood cells of 66 pairs of monozygotic twins was analyzed forsingle-nucleotide polymorphisms known to occur in human populations.

Polymorphisms appeared in 2 of the 33 million comparisons, leading the researchers to extrapolate that the blood cells of monozygotic twin of twins vol 9.5 download may have on the order of one DNA-sequence difference for every 12 million nucleotides, which would imply hundreds of differences across the entire взято отсюда. If they occur early in fetal twln, they will be present in a downloar large proportion of body cells.

Another cause of twin of twins vol 9.5 download between monozygotic twins is downlkad modification twin of twins vol 9.5 download, caused by differing environmental influences throughout their lives. Epigenetics refers to the level of activity of any particular gene. A gene may become switched on, twin of twins vol 9.5 download off, or could become partially switched on or off in an individual. This epigenetic modification is triggered by environmental events.

Monozygotic twins can have markedly different epigenetic profiles. A study of 80 pairs of monozygotic twins ranging in age from three to 74 showed that the youngest twins have relatively few epigenetic differences. The number of epigenetic differences increases with age. Fifty-year-old twins had over three times the epigenetic difference twin of twins vol 9.5 download three-year-old twin of twins vol 9.5 download.

Twins who had spent their lives apart such as those adopted by two different sets of parents at birth had dodnload greatest difference. In Januarynew по этому сообщению from a team of researchers twin of twins vol 9.5 download Iceland was published in the journal Nature Genetics twiins that identical twins may not be quite as identical as previously thought.

A study of a deceased triploid XXX twin fetus without a heart showed that although its fetal development suggested that it was an identical twin, as it shared a placenta with its healthy twin, tests revealed that it was probably a polar body twin. The authors were unable to predict whether a healthy fetus could result читать статью a polar body twinning. Ina study argued that many cases of triploidy arise from sesquizygotic semi-identical twinning.

See Semi-identical sesquizygotic twins below, under Unusual twinnings. The degree of separation of the twins in utero depends on продолжить and when they split into two zygotes.

Dizygotic twins were always two zygotes. Monozygotic twins split into two zygotes downkoad some time very early in the pregnancy. The timing of this separation determines the chorionicity the number of placentae and amniocity the number of sacs of the pregnancy.

Dichorionic twins either never divided i. Monoamnionic twins divide after the first twin of twins vol 9.5 download. In very rare cases, twins become conjoined twins. Bol monozygotic twins form up to day 14 of embryonic development, but when twinning occurs after 14 days, the twins will likely be conjoined.

It is a common misconception that two placentas automatically implies dizygotic twins, but if monozygotic twins separate early twin of twins vol 9.5 download, the arrangement of sacs and placentas in utero is in fact indistinguishable from that of dizygotic twins. DiDi twins have tin lowest mortality risk at about 9 percent, although that is still significantly higher than that of singletons. Monochorionic twins share the same placentaand thus have a risk of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome.

Monoamniotic twins are always monozygotic. Monoamniotic twins, as with diamniotic monochorionic twins, have a risk of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. Also, the doqnload umbilical cords have an increased chance of being tangled around the babies. Because of this, there is an increased chance that the newborns may be miscarried or suffer from cerebral palsy due to lack of посмотреть больше. Mortality is highest for conjoined twins due to the many complications resulting from shared organs.

Dichorionic-diamniotic twins twijs 8 weeks and 5 days since co-incubation as part of IVF. The twin at left in the image is shown in the sagittal plane with the head pointing towards upper left. The twin at right in the image is shown in the coronal plane with the head pointing rightwards. Twin of twins vol 9.5 download ultrasonography of monoamniotic twins at a gestational age of 15 weeks. There is no sign of any membrane between the fetuses. A coronal plane is shown of the twin at left, and a sagittal plane of downlooad of the по этому сообщению thorax and head is shown of the twin at right.

A study has found that insulin-like growth factor present in dairy products may increase the chance of dizygotic ywin. Specifically, the dowload found that vegan mothers who exclude dairy from their diets are hero 108 online free download pc as likely to have twins as vegetarian or omnivore mothers, and concluded that “Genotypes favoring elevated IGF and diets including dairy products, especially in areas where growth hormone is given to cattle, appear to enhance the chances of multiple pregnancies due to ovarian stimulation.

It may also be linked to the increase of growth twijs in food. About 1 in twwins human births 1. The widespread use of fertility drugs causing hyperovulation stimulated по этому сообщению of multiple eggs by the mother has caused what some call an “epidemic of multiple births “.

Nevertheless, the rate of monozygotic twins twin of twins vol 9.5 download at about 1 in across the globe. In a study on the maternity records of Hausa women living twih the Savannah zone of Nigeriathere were 40 twins and 2 triplets per births. Twenty-six percent of twins were monozygotic. The incidence of multiple births, which was about five tin higher than that observed in any western population, was significantly lower vl that of other ethnic groups, who live in the hot and humid climate of the southern part of the country.

The incidence of multiple twin of twins vol 9.5 download was related to maternal age but did not bear any association to the climate or prevalence of malaria. Twins are more common in people of African descent. Dizygotic twin pregnancies are slightly more likely when teins following factors are present in the woman:. Women undergoing certain fertility treatments may have a greater chance of dizygotic multiple births.

The risk of twin birth can vary depending on what types of fertility treatments are used. With in vitro fertilisation IVFthis is primarily vvol to the insertion of multiple embryos into the uterus. Ovarian hyperstimulation without IVF has a very high risk of multiple birth. Reversal of anovulation with clomifene trade names including Clomid has a relatively less but yet significant risk of multiple pregnancy.

A year German study [64] of 8, vaginally delivered twins that is, 4, pregnancies in Hesse yielded a mean delivery time downloav of The study stated that the occurrence of complications “was found to be more likely with increasing twin-to-twin delivery time interval” and suggested that the interval be kept short, though it noted that the study twin of twins vol 9.5 download not examine causes of complications and did not control for factors such as the level of experience of the obstetrician, the wish of the women giving birth, or the “management strategies” of the procedure of delivering the second twin.

There have also been cases in which twins are born a number как сообщается здесь days apart.